![]() ![]() Given the passive surveillance approaches, limited resources, and limited diagnostic capacity in many parts of Africa and Asia, the current prevalence figures are probably an underestimate. The current World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) prescribed diagnostic tests (cELISA, CFT) are fit-for-purpose at the herd level but are far from being optimal at the individual level. CBPP and CCPP are diseases that require precise diagnostic procedures in order to be detected. Several surveys have ranked CBPP and CCPP constantly among the top five ruminant diseases for stakeholders across a range of livestock industry sectors. The adverse affects on productivity include a reduction in milk production, daily weight gain, draft power, and fertility among others. Death rates are much higher for CCPP than for CBPP, however, increased mortality rates are associated with CBPP when infected cattle are introduced into naive herds 1. Pleuropneumonia is a very painful clinical state that is associated with reduced productivity, and, in its most dramatic outcome, death. We highlight research gaps and provide recommendations towards developing safer and more efficacious vaccines against CBPP and CCPP.Ĭontagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) are important transboundary diseases of cattle and goats especially in low and middle-income countries. Therefore, we scrutinized the current vaccines as well as the challenge-, pathogenicity- and immunity models. ![]() In this article the research community prioritized biomedical research needs related to challenge models, rational vaccine design and protective immune responses. Both of these vaccines have many limitations, so better vaccines are urgently needed to improve disease control. The current vaccines used for disease control consist of a live attenuated CBPP vaccine and a bacterin vaccine for CCPP, which were developed in the 1960s and 1980s, respectively. The causative agents of CBPP and CCPP are Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides and Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae, respectively, which have been eradicated in most of the developed world. Beyond their obvious impact on animal health, CBPP and CCPP negatively impact the livelihood and wellbeing of a substantial proportion of livestock-dependent people affecting their culture, economy, trade and nutrition. In contrast with the limited pathology in the respiratory tract of humans infected with mycoplasmas, CBPP and CCPP are devastating diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality. Ultimately, the scientific goals of the study will be critical in determining the appropriate animal model.Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) are major infectious diseases of ruminants caused by mycoplasmas in Africa and Asia. A multifactorial analysis of each animal model should be carried out when planning in vivo studies. While larger animals may more closely approximate the human clinical situation, they carry greater logistical, financial, and ethical considerations. The repair and regeneration of chondral and osteochondral defects of size and volume comparable to that of clinically significant human lesions can be reliably studied primarily in equine models. ![]() Joint size and cartilage thickness for canine, caprine, and mini-pig models remain significantly smaller than that of humans. Large animal models with thicker articular cartilage permit study of both partial thickness and full thickness chondral repair, as well as osteochondral repair. Their small joint size, thin cartilage, and greater potential for intrinsic healing than humans, however, limit the translational value of small animal models. Athymic mice and rats are additionally useful for evaluating the cartilage repair potential of human cells and tissues. ![]() The availability of transgenic and knockout mice provide opportunities for mechanistic in vivo study. Small animal rodent and lapine models are cost effective, easy to house, and useful for pilot and proof-of-concept studies. There are advantages and disadvantages to each model. Animals commonly used in cartilage repair studies include murine, lapine, canine, caprine, porcine, and equine models. This review focuses on the use of animal models for the study of the repair and regeneration of focal cartilage defects. Animal studies are critically important to developing effective treatments for cartilage injuries. Articular cartilage injury and degeneration are leading causes of disability. ![]()
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